Hostile oil field corrosive environments have challenged the production and transportation operations of the petroleum industry. The estimated cost of corrosion on the U.S. economy in the year 2002 resulted in an expenditure of about 276 billion U.S. dollars. This amount was an increase of more than $100 billion over a previous five year period. Corrosion maintenance expenditures over this 5 year period were approximately 3.1% of the U.S. GDP, and stimulated congress to enact the Corrosion Prevention Act in 2007. One avenue available to successfully combat corrosion in the petroleum industry is the recent progress made in corrosion prediction applications for petroleum operations. Three such corrosion computer models have been developed at the University of Louisiana at Lafayette. These models are capable of predicting the physical conditions and corrosion rates inside pipelines and in producing oil and gas WELLS. The models are window based and described in this paper. An expert system module was developed, which adjusts the predicated corrosion rate based on various known reservoir and well subsurface parameters.

During the drilling of oil WELLS, sometimes the digging drill passes through layers with coarse porosity which causes drilling mud loss. Concerning the preciousness of drilling mud, preventing its loss can be economically efficient and lead to a desirable drilling which increases productivity of the oil well. Due to the invaluable of the pores in different ground strata for Hydrocarbon material extraction purposes, a blocker should be used to prevent drilling mud loss. Magnetite Cement is used for this purpose.

Introduction: Eosinophilic skin diseases encompass a broad spectrum, including WELLS syndrome, which is characterized by histological findings of eosinophilic infiltration in the dermis. The etiology and pathogenesis of WELLS syndrome are still unknown, but it has been reported that insect bites, infections, and medications can act as triggers. Fungal infections are common in clinical practice,however, when they are recurrent, have atypical characteristics, or are resistant to treatments, they must be recognized as potential triggers for hypersensitivity reactions such as WELLS syndrome. Case Presentation: We present the clinical and histopathological characteristics of a case in which WELLS syndrome was associated with a fungal infection. Conclusions: WELLS syndrome is a rare skin disorder with polymorphic manifestations, making diagnosis challenging in clinical practice. Therefore, a high index of suspicion is required, and blood tests and skin biopsy are necessary to confirm the diagnosis.

A mathematical model has been developed to predict the temperature distribution in well bores either offshore or inshore. It is incorporated the different activities encountered during drilling operations Furthermore, the effect of drill collar and casings and bit rotating in a well during completion has been considered. The two dimensional approach is presented in the form ct a computer program which is adopted for solution of the finite difference equations describing the heat transmission in the well bore in the form of a direct solution technique. The power law model has been selected for drilling mud and its indices have been calculated. Comparing measured data, recorded for a period of 32 hours during different activities in a drilling operation for 15/20 A-4, an exploration well in the Central North Sea with calculated results, show there is a good agreement between the prediction and measured temperatures in the well bore.

There is a direct relation between the prevalence of some parasitic diseases and the presence of those etiologic agents in water. The purpose of this research was to determine the contamination rate of WELLS drinking water to parasites in Mazandaran province in the north of Iran. 989 water samples were randomly taken based on the population of towns and number of health centers from 12 cities of Mazandaran province and transferred to the laboratory in sterile containers. Water samples were then filtered and analyzed according to the World Health Organization guidelines. Direct method and Gram staining procedure were used to identify the parasites. If cryptosporidium was seen, floatation (sheather’s sugar) and modified Ziehl-Neelsen staining method were performed. Parasites count was undertaken using McMaster counting slide (0.3 mL). 197 out of 989 water samples were contaminated with different parasites. From 197 contaminated samples, 20 different types of parasites were separated of which 53 (26.9%) were pathogenic, 100 (50.8%) non pathogenic, and 44 non-infective stages of parasites. Distance between WELLS and sources of contamination, type of water distribution systems, city and chlorination status had significantly statistical relationship with contamination prevalence (p<0.001). According to the results and considering the direct correlation between safe water and human health, proper implementation of providing hygienic drinking water should be enforced.